Family type, domestic violence and underfive mortality in. Nigeria s mortality rates for women and children are among the worlds highest. Both infant and under5 mortality rates declined between 2003 and 2008 in nigeria. Maternal mortality, sometimes known as maternal death, remains a major cause of death among women of child bearing age in nigeria and many other countries and remains a serious public health concern particularly in developing nations of the world. Despite the global decline in underfive mortality rate from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 48 in 2012, nigeria has failed to record any substantial improvement. Age variations in the influences of three sets of proximate factors on child survival in ondo state, nigeria, during 198186 are described. Environmental and socioeconomic determinants of child mortality. Borno state is one of the thirty six states in the federal republic of nigeria, and has an estimated population of 4. The results of our advocacy efforts have shown progressive acceptance of the policy by national and subnational levels of government in nigeria. In conclusion, we believe that free maternal and child health services can significantly increase access to evidencebased care and reduce maternal and child mortality in nigeria on the short term. Most of these deaths occur in northern nigeria where health indices are poorer.
In nigeria, the legal age of maturity is 18 years 1. Government policy and initiatives on maternal mortality. Maternal mortality and maternal health care in nigeria. Research open access recurrent child mortality risks and parity transition in nigeria abiodun idowu adanikin1,2, sabu s. Maternal and infant mortality in west africa beyond the numbers. The state of the worlds children 2009 focuses on maternal and neonatal health and identifies the interventions and actions that must be scaled up to save lives. Starting with table 4, 62% of all births in 2008 took place in the home in nigeria, clearly. Neonatal, infant and underfive mortalities in nigeria. Although since 1990, the global underfive mortality 3rate has fallen by one third, africa continues to suffer from the highest rates of child mortality, with one in eight children dying before the age of five nearly 20 times the average of 1 in 167 for more developed regions. Previous efforts to meet the mdgs on the reduction of maternal and child mortality in nigeria have shown only marginal reductions. Reducing child mortality to achieve mdg 4 infant mortality situation and trends the proportion of underfive deaths that occur within the first month of life the neonatal period has increased from 36% in 1990 to 43% in 2011. Health, general antitubercular agents analysis health aspects children highly active antiretroviral therapy risk factors hiv viruses immunotherapy pediatrics. Nigeria has third highest infant mortality rate in the. Extreme poverty is not only the source of disease and mortality, but it is also one of the chief causes of bottleneck in public health delivery in nigeria.
The interagency group for child mortality estimation igme constitutes representatives of the united nations childrens. The menace of incessant childhood mortality has been a major concern and this calls for studies to generate new scientific evidence to determine its prevalence and explore predisposing factors associated with it in nigeria. Pdf despite the global decline in underfive mortality rate from 90 deaths per live births in 1990 to 48 in 2012, nigeria has failed to record. The most recent estimate of the maternal mortality ratio mmr in nigeria was 545100,000 live births in 2008. Since its inception in 1995, the multiple indicator cluster surveys, known as mics, has become the largest source of statistically sound and internationally comparable data on. The infection now under consideration occurred in a well nourished male child aged 2 years. Backgroundrationale nigeria is one of the 187 countries that signed the millennium declaration in 2000 with the aim of reducing the 8 identified goalstargets substantially by 2015. A bayesian hierarchical analysis of geographical patterns for. The variable for health use is significant in explaining child mortality in nigeria. Lending its voice to that of unicef, the nigeria human rights commission nhrc recently hinted that nigeria was one of the countries in the world with high maternal and infant death rates with a ratio of 545630 per 100,000 live births, or 75 per 1,000 live births on the infant mortality index. While the desire for large family size is culturally rooted, there is little understanding of how repeated child mortality experiences influence fertility behaviour and parity transition in nigeria. Acute malnutrition among children, mortality, and humanitarian interventions in conflictaffected regions nigeria, october 2016march 2017. India and nigeria alone account for almost a third 32 per cent of the global. There is introduction of free medical services for pregnant.
Since then, nigeria and other developing countries have made efforts to reduce maternal mortality rates in their countries. Moreover, progress in reducing child mortality has been accelerated in the 20002018 period compared with the 1990s, with the annual rate of reduction in the. Infant mortality and mothers education in ondo state, nigeria. Objectives to identify common factors associated with postneonatal, infant, child and under5 mortality in nigeria. Infant mortality in nigeria is still a big problem. The major contributory cause of child mortality is attributed to individual family poverty levels or poor households environments, highly concentrated in rural areas or slums in big cities 10 fotso jc. Every single day, nigeria loses about 2,300 underfive year olds and 145 women of child bearing age, making the country the second largest contributor to underfive and maternal mortality rate in the world.
Infant and child mortality rate in kaduna state is a major concern as the state recorded 88 deaths per 1,000 live births and 179 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2010. In other countries, gender disparity in child mortality is observed. W, amoo1 emmanuel o 1demography and social statistics, school of social sciences, covenant university, canaanland, ota, ogun state, nigeria. Impact of socioeconomic status and household structure.
Maternal mortality rate in nigeria the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live birth in the country in 2015 was 814. The oxford english dictionary defines a child as a young human being below the legal age of maturity. Evidencebased knowledge of trends and drivers of child mortality will aid proper. Maternal and child health interventions in nigeria. Recurrent child mortality risks and parity transition in nigeria. In nigeria, the childhood mortality rate stands at 128 per live births. Mortality among pulmonary tuberculosis and hiv1 coinfected nigerian children being treated for pulmonary tuberculosis and on antiretroviral therapy. Mortality among pulmonary tuberculosis and hiv1 coinfected. Target fast facts reduce by twothirds, between 1990 and 2015, the mortality rate of children under five since 1990, the underfive mortality rate has dropped by 47 per cent. Determinantscauses of maternal mortality in nigeria.
Does implementation of the imci strategy have an impact on. The outcome has revealed that expenditure on healthcare possesses a negative correlation with the mortality of infants and neonates. Trends in neonatal mortality in nigeria and effects of bio. Report by international journal of childbirth education. The odds of child mortality in nigeria for female child falls by 11. It was decided then that the search for clues to unravel the pattern of association between infant mortality and mothers education should look into other proximate determi nants, beginning with maternal factors.
Data booklet average life expectancy at birth for the world was 64. New estimates on child malnutrition for the indicators of stunting, wasting, severe wasting, and overweight released by unicef, who and the world bank, to describe the magnitude and patterns of malnutrition in children under 5 around the world. All data are available to download free of charge by registered users from the. The ratio of 576 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births has not improved over the last decade. While some studies in mali and northern nigeria have found and reported higher infant mortality rates and poor child health outcome in polygynous family settings than what was recorded among their monogamous counterparts 26, 29, 30, many other researchers are still not convinced of the negative outcome of a multiwives family setting. There are several key reasons why it happens and they are common to many african and other developing countries. Maternal and infant mortality in west africa beyond the. The prevalence of maternal mortality in nigeria has become very disturbing as every birth procedure becomes a potential incidence, from the report above, there is at least one case of maternal mortality in every 20 live births.
Nov 24, 2016 we use historical and modern data on the igbo ethnic group in nigeria to assess the relationship between polygamy and child mortality. A continuing tragedy of maternal mortality in a rural. Child survival interventions are designed to address the most common causes of child deaths that occur, which include diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and neonatal conditions. Family and marriage households health aspects infant mortality economic aspects social aspects infants patient outcomes social class social classes. Childhood mortality has remained a major challenge to public health amongst families in nigeria and other developing countries. Neonatal nmr, infant imr and underfive u5m mortality rates remain high in nigeria. The absence of a significant change in the age pattern of mortality over the three surveys suggests that, relative to the earlier surveys, substantial age at death misreporting did not occur in the 2004 mdhs.
Model 4 is the logistic regression of child mortality in nigeria with place of residence included as an explanatory variable. The aimed of this study is to analyze infant and child mortality trends and differentials in kaduna state, nigeria. Published in journal of demography and social statistics. Specifically, that malawi is unique in subsaharan africa in having never charged user fees in public health facilities, apart from a brief. Since more than one third of all child deaths occur within the first month of life, providing. In order to combat the problem of maternal and child mortality and morbidity, the standard of living of the nigerian populace must be raised. According to a unicefworld bank report, the prevalence of high child mortality in africa is concentrated in the four subsaharan countries of malawi, nigeria, tanzania and zambia.
Environmental and socioeconomic determinants of child. Padmadas1 and nuala mcgrath1,3 abstract background. The study discovers that if the nigerian government raises and maintains health expenditure specifically on activities focused on minimising infant mortality, it will translate to reduction in infant mortality in nigeria. Objectives this retrospective analysis, using routinely available data from vital registration, aimed to assess the impact of imci implementation between 2000 and 2006 on child mortality. Trends and disparities in infant and child mortality in. The granger analysis of direction of association i. This research examines the geography of maternal mortality in nigeria and the role of cultural and religious practices, socioeconomic inequalities, urbanization, access to pre and postnatal care in explaining the spatial pattern.
Evidencebased knowledge of trends and drivers of child mortality will aid proper interventions needed to combat the menace. Child mortality, refers to the mortality of children under the age of five. Even though the population is growing fast, still, too many children pass away earlier than they become 12 months years old. Nigeria has third highest infant mortality rate in the world who. The risk of dying before the age of 5 for girls is mostly found in southern asia and western asia. The main objective of our study is a better understanding of underlying causes of child mortality and variations in child health outcomes in subsaharan africa. Nigeria has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world, second only to india whose population is eight times larger than that of nigeria. Infant mortality rate in nigeria, causes and prevention. The sociocultural factors influencing the ultilization of. In 2003, the mortality rates among children less than five years old were estimated at 187 per live births for malawi, 183 for nigeria, 165 for tanzania, and. Design, setting and participants a crosssectional data of three nigeria demographic and health surveys ndhs for the years 2003, 2008 and 20 were used. There are many reasons why maternal mortality in nigeria is so high, including a lack of access to healthcare, rampant poverty, substandard health care and the prevalence of child marriage. Health care expenditure and child mortality in nigeria.
It is encouraging to read in the article by mercy kanyuka and colleagues march, 20161 about malawis success in reducing child mortality, but i fear the authors might have missed one of the key factors contributing towards this great achievement. A multistage, stratified, cluster random sampling method was used to gather information on 63 844 singleton liveborn. Levels and trends in child mortality report 2018 unicef. Education of the girl child is one strategy to prolong the age at birth while family planning interventions holds the key to birth spacing. The world made remarkable progress in child survival in the past few decades, and millions of children have better survival chances than in 19905 1 in 26 children died before reaching age five in 2018, compared to 1 in 11 in 1990. Measuring maternal mortality in nigeria, medical causes of maternal mortality in nigeria, social determinants of maternal mortality in nigeria, cultural factors implicit in maternal mortality in nigeria, behavioral causes of maternal mortality in. Therefore, this study assessed the trends and drivers of nmr, imr, and u5m over a decade in nigeria. Biodemographic factors covary very strongly with mortality risks during the first month of life, weakly during months 111, and imperceptibly beyond infancy. Child mortality rates have fallen dramatically, but the progress has not been even across all child ages while child mortality has fallen across all age groups, the rate of reduction has not been even. Age variations in the proximate determinants of child. Contextual determinants of infant and child mortality in nigeria by sunday adepoju adedini 560454 a doctoral thesis submitted to the faculty of humanities, university of the witwatersrand, johannesburg, south africa. Maternal mortality is the leading cause of death among women in nigeria, especially women aged between 15 and 19 years. Childhood mortality is a fundamental measurement of a countrys level of socioeconomic and demographic development, and quality of life, especially of families. India and nigeria alone accounted for about rd of under 5 age deaths.
Impact of maternal and child health on economic growth. In 105 of 180 58% countries, we find bidirectional relationships. Child mortality, or underfive mortality, is the prob. Advocacy for free maternal and child health care in nigeria. In this paper, we analyze child mortality as an reverse indicator of child health. Recurrent child mortality risks and parity transition in. The fourth millennium development goal mdg 4 aims to reduce the 1990 mortality rate among underfive children by two thirds. Great success in reducing child mortality was achieved between 1990 and 2015, but more progress is needed to reach the sdg target. Child mortality in malawi the lancet global health. Fertility rates remain persistently high in nigeria, with little difference across socioeconomic groups.
Nigeria s maternal mortality ratio mmr decreased between 1990 and 20. Child survival is a field of public health concerned with reducing child mortality. According to the world health organization, this was the second highest number of annual maternal deaths in the world in 2010 and 14% of all maternal deaths globally. Evidence from the 20 nigerian demographic health survey. Nigeria trend in maternal mortality 250 800 540 0 250 500 750.
The state is located in northern eastern nigeria and occupies the greater. Across the world, on average boys are expected to have a mortality. Historical and modern evidence from nigeria s igbo vellore arthi 0 james fenske 0 james fenske 0 0 university of essex, colchester co4 3sq, uk university of warwick, coventry cv4 7al, uk we use historical and modern data on the igbo ethnic group in nigeria to assess the relationship between polygamy and child mortality. The prevalence of maternal mortality in nigeria has become very disturbing as every birth procedure becomes a potential incidence, from the report above, there is at. Gdp and maternal and child mortality and the results of the dea analysis of the impact of reductions in child mortality4 on gdp growth. Since its inception in 1995, the multiple indicator cluster surveys, known as mics, has become the largest source of statistically sound and internationally comparable data on women and children worldwide. Prevalence and determinants of childhood mortality in nigeria. The latest report notes that many lives can be saved if global inequities are reduced.
Urban women have more of an opportunity to receive healthcare than rural women do. Nigeria still has high prevalence of mortalities reflected in infants and children amongst others 57. Improving maternal and infant care in nigeria pharmanewsonline. Estimates developed by who, unicef and unfpa acknowledgements this document was prepared by carla abouzahra of who and tessa wardlawb of unicef on the basis of a technical paper originally developed by kenneth hill and yoonjoung choi. Indias under5 mortality of girls exceeds that of boys. While most scholars have been preoccupied with searching for longlasting solutions. The fauces, uvula, larynx and upper 294 child mortality in lagos. Diphtheria is rare in nigeria, particularly so in lagos. This means the country has a lifetime risk of maternal death of 4.
Maternal education and child mortality in nigeria 1 adedeji o. Furthermore, nigeria s maternal mortality is reported to be 545 per 100,000 births. We examine several possible channels for this correlation, and test its sensitivity to observable characteristics of individuals, households, and regions in order to infer the scope for selection on unobservables to drive the polygamy child mortality. Age structure the first clue was the age structure of the respon dents according to their educational attainment.
The paper examined the unacceptably high maternal and child mortality in africa using nigeria as a case study. Nigeria has third highest infant mortality rate in the world. Background between 1999 and 2007, the ministry of health and population in egypt scaled up the integrated management of childhood illness imci strategy in 84% of public health facilities. Child mortality is also closely linked to mdg 5 to improve maternal health. Curbing, maternal, child, mortality, nigerian experience. Nigeria was selected as a case study based on a number of criteria. Apr 09, 2015 the development of mnch policies, implementation and publication of interventions corresponds with the downward trend of maternal and child mortality in nigeria. Pdf maternal education and child mortality in nigeria. Risk factors for postneonatal, infant, child and under5 mortality in. Risk factors for postneonatal, infant, child and under5. Apr 09, 2015 antenatal care utilisation and biodemographic factors such as birth intervals, maternal age and birth size are important determinants of neonatal mortality in nigeria.